Table of Contents
Can You Drink Tap Water in Billings?
Yes, Billings's tap water is generally considered safe to drink as Billings has no active health based violations of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) that we are aware of. Other factors such as lead piping in a home, or low levels of pollutants on immunocompromised individuals, should also be considered, however. To find more recent info we might have, you can check out our boil water notice page or the city's water provider website.
According the EPA’s ECHO database, from April 30, 2019 to June 30, 2022, Billings's water utility, City of Billings, had 0 violations of the Safe Drinking Water Act. For more details on the violations, please see our violation history section below. This assessment is based on the City of Billings water system, other water systems in the city may have different results.
While tap water that meets the EPA health guidelines generally won’t make you sick to your stomach, it can still contain regulated and unregulated contaminants present in trace amounts that could potentially cause health issues over the long-run. These trace contaminants may also impact immunocompromised and vulnerable individuals.
The EPA is reviewing if it’s current regulations around pollutant levels in tap water are strict enough, and the health dangers posed by unregulated pollutants, like PFAS.
Water Quality Report for Billings Tap Water
The most recent publicly available numbers for measured contaminant levels in Billings tap water are in its 2020 Water Quality Report. As you can see, there are levels which the EPA considers to be acceptable, but being below the maximum allowable level doesn’t necessarily mean the water is healthy.
Lead in tap water, for example, is currently allowed at up to 15ppb by the EPA, but it has set the ideal goal for lead at zero. This highlights how meeting EPA standards doesn’t necessarily mean local tap water is healthy.
EPA regulations continue to change as it evaluates the long term impacts of chemicals and updates drinking water acceptable levels. The rules around arsenic, as well as, lead and copper are currently being re-evaluated.
There are also a number of "emerging" contaminants that are not currently. For example, PFAS (Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), for which the EPA has issued a health advisory. PFAS are called "forever chemicals" since they tend not to break down in the environment or the human body and can accumulate over time.
We recommend looking at the contaminants present in Billings's water quality reports, or getting your home's tap water tested to see if you should be filtering your water.
Billings Tap Water Safe Drinking Water Act Violation History - Prior 10 Years
Below is a ten year history of violations for the water system named City of Billings for Billings in Montana. For more details please see the "What do these Violations Mean?" section below.
Is there Lead in Billings Water?
Based on the EPA’s ECHO Database, 90% of the samples taken from the Billings water system, City of Billings, between sample start date and sample end date, were at or below, 0.0 mg/L of lead in Billings water. This is 0% of the 0.015 mg/L action level. This means 10% of the samples taken from Billings contained more lead.
While Billings water testing may have found 0.0 mg/L of lead in its water, that does not mean your water source has the same amount. The amount of lead in water in a city can vary greatly from neighborhood to neighborhood, or even building to building. Many buildings, particularly older ones, have lead pipes or service lines which can be a source of contamination. To find out if your home has lead, we recommend getting you water tested.
No amount of lead in water is healthy, only less dangerous. As lead accumulates in our bodies over time, even exposure to relatively small amounts can have negative health effects. For more information, please check out our Lead FAQ page.
Are there PFAS in Billings Tap Water?
Currently, testing tap water for PFAS isn’t mandated on a national level. We do have a list of military bases where there have been suspected or confirmed leaks. There appears to be at least one military base - Billings NG Site - near Billings with suspected leaks.
With many potential sources of PFAS in tap water across the US, the best information we currently have about which cities have PFAS in their water is this ewg map, which you can check to see if Billings has been evaluated for yet.
Our stance is better safe than sorry, and that it makes sense to try to purify the tap water just in case.
What do these Violations Mean?
Safe Drinking Water Act Violations categories split into two groups, health based, and non-health based. Generally, health based violations are more serious, though non-health based violations can also be cause for concern.
Health Based Violations
- Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) - maximum allowed contaminant level was exceeded.
- Maximum residual disinfectant levels (MRDLs) - maximum allowed disinfectant level was exceeded.
- Other violations (Other) - the exact required process to reduce the amounts of contaminants in drinking water was not followed.
Non-Health Based Violations
- Monitoring and reporting violations (MR, MON) - failure to conduct the required regular monitoring of drinking water quality, and/or to submit monitoring results on time.
- Public notice violations (Other) - failure to immediately alert consumers if there is a serious problem with their drinking water that may pose a risk to public health.
- Other violations (Other) - miscellaneous violations, such as failure to issue annual consumer confidence reports or maintain required records.
SDWA Table Key
| Field | Description |
|---|---|
| Compliance Period | Dates of the compliance period. |
| Status |
Current status of the violation.
|
| Health-Based? | Whether the violation is health based. |
| Category Code |
The category of violation that is reported.
|
| Code | A full description of violation codes can be accessed in the SDWA_REF_CODE_VALUES (CSV) table. |
| Contaminant Code | A code value that represents a contaminant for which a public water system has incurred a violation of a primary drinking water regulation. |
| Rule Code |
Code for a National Drinking Water rule.
|
| Rule Group Code |
Code that uniquely identifies a rule group.
|
| Rule Family Code |
Code for rule family.
|
For more clarification please visit the EPA's data dictionary.
Billings Water - Frequently Asked Questions
| By Mail: | PO BOX 30958 BILLINGS, MT, 59111 |
Existing customers can login to their City of Billings account to pay their Billings water bill by clicking here.
If you want to pay your City of Billings bill online and haven't made an account yet, you can create an account online. Please click here to create your account to pay your Billings water bill.
If you don't want to make an account, or can't remember your account, you can make a one-time payment towards your Billings water bill without creating an account using a one time payment portal with your account number and credit or debit card. Click here to make a one time payment.
Moving to a new house or apartment in Billings means you will often need to put the water in your name with City of Billings. In order to put the water in your name, please click the link to the start service form below. Start service requests for water bills typically take two business days.
Leaving your house or apartment in Billings means you will likely need to take your name off of the water bill with City of Billings. In order to take your name off the water bill, please click the link to the stop service form below. Stop service for water bills requests typically take two business days.
The estimated price of bottled water
$1.79 in USD (1.5-liter)
USER SUBMITTED RATINGS
- Drinking Water Pollution and Inaccessibility
- Water Pollution
- Drinking Water Quality and Accessibility
- Water Quality
The above data is comprised of subjective, user submitted opinions about the water quality and pollution in Billings, measured on a scale from 0% (lowest) to 100% (highest).
Related FAQS
Billings Water Quality Report (Consumer Confidence Report)
The EPA mandates that towns and cities consistently monitor and test their tap water. They must report their findings in an annual Consumer Confidence Report. Below is the most recent water quality report from Billings's Water. If you would like to see the original version of the report, please click here.
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dŚĞƚĂďůĞƐŽŶƚŚĞŶĞdžƚƚǁŽƉĂŐĞƐůŝƐƚĂůůŽĨƚŚĞĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚƐĚĞƚĞĐƚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĐĂůĞŶĚĂƌLJĞĂƌŽĨ ƚŚŝƐƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƉŽƐĞƐĂ ŚĞĂůƚŚƌŝƐŬ͘hŶůĞƐƐŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŶŽƚĞĚ͕ƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƐĞƚĂďůĞƐŝƐĨƌŽŵƚĞƐƟŶŐĚŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞĐĂůĞŶĚĂƌ LJĞĂƌŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚ͘ /ŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐĞĐƟŽŶLJŽƵǁŝůůĮŶĚŵĂŶLJƚĞƌŵƐĂŶĚĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐLJŽƵŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚďĞĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌǁŝƚŚ͘dŽŚĞůƉLJŽƵ ďĞƩĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƐĞƚĞƌŵƐǁĞ͛ǀĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶƐ͗
ϰ
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td ZYh>/dzd |
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ŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚ |
sŝŽůĂƟŽŶzĞƐͬ |
,ŝŐŚĞƐƚ>ĞǀĞů |
ZĂŶŐĞĞƚĞĐƚͲ |
D> |
D>' |
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EŽ |
ĞƚĞĐƚĞĚ |
ĞĚ |
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DŝĐƌŽďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ |
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dŽƚĂůŽůŝĨŽƌŵĂĐƚĞƌŝĂ |
EŽ |
Ϭй |
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ϱйƉŽƐŝƟǀĞ |
Ϭ |
|
dƵƌďŝĚŝƚLJ;EdhͿ |
EŽ |
Ϭ͘Ϭϱϴ |
ddсϵϱйŽĨ |
Eͬ |
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ƐĂŵƉůĞƐфϬ͘ϯ |
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/ŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ
>ŝŬĞůLJ^ŽƵƌĐĞŽĨŽŶͲ
ƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ
EĂƚƵƌĂůůLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶ ƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ
^ŽŝůƌƵŶŽī͘dƵƌďŝĚŝƚLJŝƐ
ĂŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ ĐůŽƵĚŝŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂͲ ƚĞƌ͘dŚŝƐŝƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌĞĚ ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐĂŐŽŽĚ ŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͘
ƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚĞͲ ƉŽƐŝƚƐ͖ƌƵŶŽīĨƌŽŵ
ƌƐĞŶŝĐ;ƉƉďͿ |
EŽ |
ϳ͘Ϭ |
||
ŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵ&ƌĞĞŚůŽͲ |
EŽ |
ϭ͘ϳϴ |
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ƌŝŶĞ;ƉƉŵͿ |
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&ůƵŽƌŝĚĞ;ƉƉŵͿ |
EŽ |
Ϭ͘ϱϬ |
EŽ |
Ϭ͘ϯϳ |
ĂƌŝƵŵ;ƉƉŵͿ |
EŽ |
Ϭ͘Ϭϲ |
Ϭ͘ϮϳϬсϵϬƚŚƉĞƌĐĞŶƟůĞ
ŽƉƉĞƌ;ƉƉŵͿEŽ EŽƐŝƚĞƐĂďŽǀĞ>;ϮϬϮϬƐĂŵͲ ƉůŝŶŐĚĂƚĂͿ
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ϯсϵϬƚŚƉĞƌĐĞŶƟůĞ |
>ĞĂĚ;ƉƉďͿ |
EŽ |
EŽƐŝƚĞƐĂďŽǀĞ>;ϮϬϮϬƐĂŵͲ |
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ƉůŝŶŐĚĂƚĂͿ |
ϭϬϬ
DZ>сϰ DZ>'сϰ
ϰϰ
ϭϬϭϬ
ϮϮ
>сϭ͘ϯ
ĐƟŽŶ>ĞǀĞů—
ϵϬйŽĨƐĂŵͲ ϭ͘ϯ ƉůĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞ
ďĞůŽǁƚŚŝƐ ůĞǀĞů͘
>сϭϱ
ĐƟŽŶ>ĞǀĞů—
ϵϬйŽĨƐĂŵͲ Ϭ ƉůĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞ
ďĞůŽǁƚŚŝƐ ůĞǀĞů͘
ŽƌĐŚĂƌĚƐ͖ƌƵŶŽīĨƌŽŵ ŐůĂƐƐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁĂƐƚĞƐ
tĂƚĞƌĂĚĚŝƟǀĞƵƐĞĚƚŽ ĐŽŶƚƌŽůŵŝĐƌŽďĞƐ
ƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚĞͲ ƉŽƐŝƚƐ͖ǁĂƚĞƌĂĚĚŝƟǀĞ ǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽŵŽƚĞƐƐƚƌŽŶŐ ƚĞĞƚŚ͖ĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞĨƌŽŵ ĨĞƌƟůŝnjĞƌĂŶĚĂůƵŵŝͲ ŶƵŵĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐ ZƵŶŽīĨƌŽŵĨĞƌƟůŝnjĞƌ ƵƐĞ͖ůĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĨƌŽŵ ƐĞƉƟĐƚĂŶŬƐ͕ƐĞǁĂŐĞ͖ ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚĞͲ ƉŽƐŝƚƐ
ŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨĚƌŝůůŝŶŐ ǁĂƐƚĞƐ͖ŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨ ŵĞƚĂůƌĞĮŶĞƌŝĞƐ͖ ƌŽͲ ƐŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵƌĂůĚĞƉŽƐͲ ŝƚƐ ŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŚŽƵƐĞͲ ŚŽůĚƉůƵŵďŝŶŐƐLJƐͲ ƚĞŵƐ͕ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵͲ ƌĂůĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ͖ůĞĂĐŚŝŶŐ ĨƌŽŵǁŽŽĚƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂͲ ƟǀĞƐ
ŽƌƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŚŽƵƐĞͲ ŚŽůĚƉůƵŵďŝŶŐƐLJƐͲ ƚĞŵƐ͕ĞƌŽƐŝŽŶŽĨŶĂƚƵͲ ƌĂůĚĞƉŽƐŝƚƐ
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sŽůĂƟůĞKƌŐĂŶŝĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂŶƚƐ |
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,ĂůŽĂĐĞƟĐĐŝĚƐ;,ϱͿ;ƉƉďͿ |
EŽ |
ϰϭ |
ϲϬ |
Eͬ |
||
dŽƚĂůƚƌŝŚĂůŽŵĞƚŚĂŶĞƐ;dd,DͿ |
EŽ |
ϱϲ |
ϴϬ |
Eͬ |
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;ƉƉďͿ |
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dŚĞƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞŽĨ;dKͿƌĞͲ |
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dŽƚĂůKƌŐĂŶŝĐĂƌďŽŶ;dKͿ |
EŽ |
ŵŽǀĂůǁĂƐŵĞĂƐƵƌĞĚĞĂĐŚ |
dd |
Eͬ |
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ŵŽŶƚŚĂŶĚĂůůƌĞŵŽǀĂůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞͲ |
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ŵĞŶƚƐǁĞƌĞŵĞƚ͘
EĂƚƵƌĂůůLJƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶ ƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚ
ŚĂƐŶŽŚĞĂůƚŚĞīĞĐƚƐ͘ϱ
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SECONDARY CONTAMINANTS |
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Contaminant |
Range Detected* |
SMCL |
||
Aluminum (ppb) |
ND – 12.4 |
50 - 200 |
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Chloride (ppm) |
5.8 |
– 12.5 |
250 |
|
Sulfate (ppm) |
8.3 |
– 77.3 |
250 |
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Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) |
84 |
- 282 |
500 |
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pH (s.u.) |
7.29 – 8.18 |
6.5 - 8.5 |
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Other Parameters |
Total Hardness (ppm) |
49 |
– 168 |
None |
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Alkalinity (ppm) |
38 |
– 138 |
None |
|
Potassium (ppm) |
1.5 |
– 4.0 |
None |
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Sodium (ppm) |
4.4 |
– 37.7 |
None |
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Magnesium (ppm) |
3.6 |
– 14.1 |
None |
|
Noticeable Effects at Elevat- ed Levels
Colored Water
Salty Taste
Salty Taste
Hardness; deposits; colored water; staining; salty taste
Low pH: bitter metallic taste; corrosion
High pH: slippery feel; soda taste; deposits
Spots; Deposits
None
None
None
None
ȗ
Ǥ
8QUHJXODWHG&RQWDPLQDQW0RQLWRULQJ5XOH 8&05
7KH&LW\RI%LOOLQJVFRPSOHWHGWKHUHTXLUHGPRQLWRULQJIRUWKH(3$8QUHJXODWHG&RQWDPLQDQW0RQLWRULQJ5XOH 8&05 LQWKH PRQLWRULQJSHULRG0D\WR)HEUXDU\ 7KH(3$XVHVWKH8QUHJXODWHG&RQWDPLQDQW0RQLWRULQJ5XOH 8&05 WRFROOHFW
Contaminant |
Highest Level Detected |
Range Detected |
Likely Source of Contamination |
|
Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) (ppb) |
49 |
32 - 49 |
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Haloacetic Acids (HAA6BR) (ppb) |
8.5 |
7.0 – 8.5 |
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chlorination |
||||
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Haloacetic Acids (HAA9) (ppb) |
57 |
39 - 57 |
|
WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ͕ƚŚĞďĞƐƚƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ǁĂƚĞƌƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŝƐƚŚĞŐŽĂůŽĨƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͘ tĞǁŽƌŬƚŽƉƌŽƚĞĐƚLJŽƵƌǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŽƚƌĞĂƚ LJŽƵƌĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƚŽƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐ͘tĞǁĂŶƚ ƚŽŵĞĞƚLJŽƵƌĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐďƵƚĐĂŶŶŽƚŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝƐƐƵĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚLJŽƵƌŚĞůƉ͘/ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĂŶLJǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJ ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ͕ƉůĞĂƐĞĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ͗
ϲ
ƐďĞƐƚŽƐ
KŶ:ƵůLJϮϬ͕ϮϬϮϬ͕ƚŚĞDŽŶƚĂŶĂĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůYƵĂůŝƚLJŝƐƐƵĞĚĂŶĂƐďĞƐƚŽƐŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐǁĂŝǀĞƌƚŽ ƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞLJĞĂƌϮϬϮϴ͘dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŶŽĂƐďĞƐƚŽƐĐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉŝƉĞ͘
ƌƐĞŶŝĐ
tŚŝůĞLJŽƵƌĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌŵĞĞƚƐ W͛ƐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌĂƌƐĞŶŝĐ͕ŝƚĚŽĞƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶůŽǁůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂƌƐĞŶŝĐ͘ W͛Ɛ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚďĂůĂŶĐĞƐƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐŽĨĂƌƐĞŶŝĐ͛ƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŚĞĂůƚŚĞīĞĐƚƐĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞĐŽƐƚƐŽĨƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐ ĂƌƐĞŶŝĐĨƌŽŵĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͘ WĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƚŚĞŚĞĂůƚŚĞīĞĐƚƐŽĨůŽǁůĞǀĞůƐŽĨĂƌƐĞŶŝĐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĂ ŵŝŶĞƌĂůŬŶŽǁŶƚŽĐĂƵƐĞĐĂŶĐĞƌŝŶŚƵŵĂŶƐĂƚŚŝŐŚĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚŝƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌŚĞĂůƚŚĞīĞĐƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ ƐŬŝŶĚĂŵĂŐĞĂŶĚĐŝƌĐƵůĂƚŽƌLJƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͘
>ĞĂĚ
/ĨƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ͕ĞůĞǀĂƚĞĚůĞǀĞůƐŽĨůĞĂĚĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞƐĞƌŝŽƵƐŚĞĂůƚŚƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJĨŽƌƉƌĞŐŶĂŶƚǁŽŵĞŶĂŶĚLJŽƵŶŐ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ͘>ĞĂĚŝŶĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌŝƐƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJĨƌŽŵŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞůŝŶĞƐĂŶĚ ŚŽŵĞƉůƵŵďŝŶŐ͘dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐtĂƚĞƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚŝƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŚŝŐŚƋƵĂůŝƚLJĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐ ǁĂƚĞƌ͕ďƵƚĐĂŶŶŽƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƉůƵŵďŝŶŐĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͘dĞƐƚƌĞƐƵůƚƐƐŚŽǁƚŚĂƚLJŽƵƌ ĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌŝƐǁĞůůďĞůŽǁƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶůĞǀĞůƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞĚďLJƚŚĞ^ĂĨĞƌŝŶŬŝŶŐtĂƚĞƌĐƚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ ƐƚĞƉƐLJŽƵĐĂŶƚĂŬĞƚŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞLJŽƵƌƌŝƐŬ͘tŚĞŶLJŽƵƌǁĂƚĞƌŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐŝƫŶŐĨŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůŚŽƵƌƐ͕LJŽƵĐĂŶ ŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌůĞĂĚĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞďLJŇƵƐŚŝŶŐLJŽƵƌƚĂƉĨŽƌϯϬƐĞĐŽŶĚƐƚŽϮŵŝŶƵƚĞƐďĞĨŽƌĞƵƐŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌ ĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐŽƌĐŽŽŬŝŶŐ͘/ĨLJŽƵĂƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚĂďŽƵƚůĞĂĚŝŶLJŽƵƌǁĂƚĞƌ͕LJŽƵŵĂLJǁŝƐŚƚŽŚĂǀĞLJŽƵƌǁĂƚĞƌƚĞƐƚĞĚ͘ /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůĞĂĚŝŶĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƚĞƐƟŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐ͕ĂŶĚƐƚĞƉƐLJŽƵĐĂŶƚĂŬĞƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞĞdžƉŽƐƵƌĞŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ
ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬǁǁǁ͘ĞƉĂ͘ŐŽǀͬƐĂĨĞǁĂƚĞƌͬůĞĂĚ
ƌLJƉƚŽƐƉŽƌŝĚŝƵŵ
DŝĐƌŽƐĐŽƉŝĐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐŵƚŚĂƚ͕ŝĨŝŶŐĞƐƚĞĚ͕ĐĂŶĐĂƵƐĞĨĞǀĞƌĂŶĚŐĂƐƚƌŽŝŶƚĞƐƟŶĂůƐLJŵƉƚŽŵƐ͘ƌLJƉƚŽƐƉŽƌŝĚŝƵŵŝƐ ƌĞŵŽǀĞĚĨƌŽŵǁĂƚĞƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĮůƚƌĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞŝůůŝŶŐƐ tĂƚĞƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĂŶĚĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůůĂLJĞƌŽĨƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌŽƵƌǁĂƚĞƌďĞLJŽŶĚǁŚĂƚŝƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚďLJ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͘tĞƵƐĞhsĚŝƐŝŶĨĞĐƟŽŶǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĐƌLJƉƚŽƐƉŽƌŝĚŝƵŵ͘
ϳ
D dd, E tWh>/tKZ<^/Z dKZ
&ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƟƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂǀĞDƵŵĨŽƌĚĂƐƚŚĞŝƌĞĐƚŽƌŽĨWƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐŝŶϮϬϮϬ͕
ĞďŝŝƐĂĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌĨĂĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŚĞƌĐĂƌĞĞƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƚLJƐƉĂŶƐϭϱLJĞĂƌƐ͘ ^ŚĞŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƐƚƌŽŶŐůĞĂĚĞƌŝŶWƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJ͕ŚĂǀŝŶŐŚĞůĚƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŽĨ ŝƚLJ ŶŐŝŶĞĞƌ͕ŵĂŬŝŶŐŚĞƌĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂŶĚŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞƵŶŵĂƚĐŚĞĚĂŶĚŚĞƌĂŶĂƚƵƌĂů
/D >/E'͕W ĐŚŽŝĐĞĨŽƌĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͘
WƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐŝƌĞĐƚŽƌ
D dd, Wh>/tKZ<^ Whdz/Z dKZ
^ƚĂƌƟŶŐŚĞƌĞǁŝƚŚŚĞƌƌŽůĞĂƐ&ŝŶĂŶĐĞDĂŶĂŐĞƌ͕ƐŚĞŽǀĞƌƐĂǁƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐĂŶĚĚĂŝůLJĮƐĐĂůŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌŽƵƌŽƉĞƌĂƟŶŐďƵĚŐĞƚŽĨŽǀĞƌΨϭϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ͕ϬϬϬ ĂŶŶƵĂůůLJ͘:ĞŶŶŝĨĞƌ͛ƐǁŽƌŬŽŶƚŚĞŶŶƵĂůƵĚŐĞƚĂŶĚĂƉŝƚĂů/ŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚWůĂŶ
: EE/& ZhZz͕W
ŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘
D dd, td ZYh>/dz/s/^/KE^hW Z/Ed E Ed
ƐƚŚĞŝǀŝƐŝŽŶDĂŶĂŐĞƌŽĨtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJ͕>ŽƵŝƐŝƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌŽǀĞƌƐĞĞŝŶŐƚŚĞ ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŽĨĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌďĞĨŽƌĞŝƚŝƐƐĞŶƚƚŽŚŽŵĞƐĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͘,ĞĂůƐŽ ŽǀĞƌƐĞĞƐǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚďĞĨŽƌĞŝƚŝƐƐĂĨĞůLJƌĞƚƵƌŶĞĚƚŽƚŚĞzĞůůŽǁƐƚŽŶĞ ZŝǀĞƌ͘
>ŽƵŝƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶŝŶŚŝƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƌŽůĞĨŽƌϱLJĞĂƌƐ͘WƌŝŽƌƚŽĐŽŵŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐ͕ ŚĞǁŽƌŬĞĚĂƐĂƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌĨŽƌϴLJĞĂƌƐŝŶƚŚĞĂƌĞĂŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚ ǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ͘,ĞďƌŝŶŐƐĂƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĨŽƌĞŶĞƌŐLJĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ ĂŶĚǁŽƌŬƐƟƌĞůĞƐƐůLJƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƐĂĨĞǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌĂůůŝůůŝŶŐƐƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞ
>Kh/^ E' >^͕W zĞůůŽǁƐƚŽŶĞZŝǀĞƌ͘ tĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJ^ƵƉĞƌŝŶƚĞŶĚĞŶƚ
ϴ
Dz ǡ ǡ Ǥdz
dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐǁĂƚĞƌ͕ǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶΘĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐƚĂīƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞĚĨŽƌĂůůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJ ŚĂǀĞĚŽŶĞƚŽŬĞĞƉŽƵƌĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌƐĂĨĞĂŶĚŇŽǁŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌďĞŝŶŐŐŽŽĚƐƚĞǁĂƌĚƐŽĨƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚďLJ ƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĐůĞĂŶǁĂƚĞƌďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞzĞůůŽǁƐƚŽŶĞZŝǀĞƌ͘ ϮϬϮϬŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂLJĞĂƌŽĨĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐůŝŬĞǁĞ͛ǀĞŶĞǀĞƌƐĞĞŶĂŶĚŚŽƉĞĨƵůůLJǁŽŶ͛ƚĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶ͘dŚĞƉĂƐƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶ͘
:ĞĂŶŶĞ,ĂƵƉƚ ŚŝĞĨŚĞŵŝƐƚ
/ŶŵLJϮϮLJĞĂƌƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĮĞůĚĨƌŽŵŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞƌ͕/ŚĂǀĞŐĂŝŶĞĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚĨŽƌƚŚĞǁŽƌŬ ƚŚĂƚǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞŽŶĂĚĂŝůLJďĂƐŝƐ͘dŚĞƐĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƚĂƐŬƐŝŶĞdžƚƌĞŵĞ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƐƵŵŵĞƌĂŶĚǁŝŶƚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚŵŽƐƚůLJƵŶĚĞƌƵŶĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĞLJĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚĨƌŽnjĞŶ ŝŶƚĂŬĞƐĂŶĚƐŽƵƌĐĞǁĂƚĞƌƐ͕ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐƐƵĞƐ͕ĂŶĚďƌŽŬĞŶǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŝŶƐũƵƐƚƚŽŶĂŵĞĂĨĞǁ͘
dŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƚĂŬĞĨŽƌŐƌĂŶƚĞĚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJĐŽŶǀĞŶŝĞŶĐĞŽĨƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐƚƌŽŽŵ͕ǁŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞƉŽƐƐŝͲ ďůĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƚŚĞĚĞĚŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚǀŝŐŝůĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌZĞĐůĂŵĂƟŽŶ&ĂĐŝůŝƚLJƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͘ /ǁĂŶƚƚŽƐĂLJƚŚĂŶŬLJŽƵƚŽƚŚĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůǁŽƌŬĞƌƐǁŚŽƚĂŬĞƉƌŝĚĞŝŶƚŚĞŝƌǁŽƌŬĂŶĚŬĞĞƉƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ ǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ͘dŚĞǁŚŽůĞƚĞĂŵŽĨDĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞdĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐ͕KƉĞƌͲ ĂƚŽƌƐ͕ ůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝĂŶƐ͕/ŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽŶƚƌŽůWĞƌƐŽŶŶĞů͕ĂŶĚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJŚĞŵŝƐƚƐĚŽŶŽƚƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĂůŽƚŽĨĨĂŶĨĂƌĞ ďƵƚĂƌĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƋƵŝĞƚůLJϮϰŚŽƵƌƐĂĚĂLJƚŽŬĞĞƉƵƐĂůůƐĂĨĞ͘ dŚĂŶŬLJŽƵĨŽƌǁŚĂƚLJŽƵĚŽĂŶĚLJŽƵƌĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚƚŽŽƵƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ůůŽĨLJŽƵŵĂŬĞŵĞƉƌŽƵĚƚŽďĞĂƉĂƌƚŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
:ĂƐŽŶ&ůĂĚůĂŶĚ
tĂƚĞƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚDĂŶĂŐĞƌ
Dz ǡdz
ϵ
ǯ
ĞƌƟĮĞĚŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌƐĂŶĚůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞůŽǀĞƌƐĞĞƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞǁĂƚĞƌ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐϮϰŚŽƵƌƐƉĞƌĚĂLJ͕ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ͘dŚŝƐ ƐƚĞĂĚĨĂƐƚĐŽŵŵŝƚŵĞŶƚĞŶƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĂƚŽƵƌƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂůǁĂLJƐĞdžĐĞĞĚǀĞƌLJ ƐƚƌŝĐƚƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨ͗
- tĂƚĞƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚ
- ϭϯƉƵŵƉƐƚĂƟŽŶƐ
- ϭϴƐƚŽƌĂŐĞƌĞƐĞƌǀŽŝƌƐ
- ϱϬϬŵŝůĞƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŝŶ
- ϯϮ͕ϬϬϬǁĂƚĞƌŵĞƚĞƌƐ
- ϰϳϬϬĮƌĞŚLJĚƌĂŶƚƐ
ϭϬ
dŚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐŽĨĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞ ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐĂ ĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶƐŝǀĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƐƚŽĞǀŽůǀĞ͘WĂƌƚŽĨ ƚŚĂƚĞǀŽůƵƟŽŶŝƐƐĞĞŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞĞLJĞƐŽĨĂǁĂƚĞƌƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶ͘
>ĞĂƌŶŝŶŐĨŽƌĂƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶŶĞǀĞƌĞŶĚƐ͘/ŶŝƟĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽƉĂƐƐƚŚĞ^ƚĂƚĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨ ŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂů YƵĂůŝƚLJ͛ƐŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƚĞƐƚ͘dǁŽĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶůĞǀĞůƐĂƌĞĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚďLJĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƐƚƵĚLJĂŶĚƚĞƐƟŶŐ͘
ǀĞƌLJƚǁŽLJĞĂƌƐĐŽŶƟŶƵŝŶŐĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶĐƌĞĚŝƚƐĂƌĞ ŵĂŶĚĂƚŽƌLJ͘dĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐŵƵƐƚĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨ ŚĞĂǀLJĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐ͕ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝĐĂů͕ ƉůƵŵďŝŶŐ͕ŚĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐǁĂƚĞƌ ƐĂŵƉůŝŶŐĂŶĚƚĞƐƟŶŐ͘dŚĞLJƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽ ƚƌŽƵďůĞƐŚŽŽƚƉƌŽďůĞŵƐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽŬĞĞƉƉƵŵƉƐĂŶĚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŚĞŵŝĐĂůƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐĐĂůŝďƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŶĚƌƵŶŶŝŶŐƐŵŽŽƚŚůLJ͘dĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĂŶĚ ŬĞĞƉƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŽĨŽǀĞƌϭ͕ϯϬϬƉŝĞĐĞƐŽĨĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘tŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶ
ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶŵƵƐƚďĞǁŝůůŝŶŐƚŽƚĂŬĞŽŶƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘/ƚŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĂƌĞƌĞĂĚLJƚŽ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶĂŶĞŵĞƌŐĞŶĐLJĂŶĚĐĂŶƚŚŝŶŬƋƵŝĐŬůLJŝŶƐƚƌĞƐƐĨƵů ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ͘ƐŵĂůůŵŝƐƚĂŬĞĐĂŶŚĂǀĞůĂƌŐĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͘
džƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŝŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞĞǀĞƌĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĞŽĨ ŽƵƌƐŽƵƌĐĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƚŚĞzĞůůŽǁƐƚŽŶĞZŝǀĞƌ͕ĂƐƐŝƐƚƐĂƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶ ŝŶďĞŝŶŐĂďůĞƚŽƐƵĐĐĞƐƐĨƵůůLJĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĂŶĚĂĐƚďĞĨŽƌĞĂ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƌŝƐĞƐ͘dŚĞLJĚŽĂůůŽĨƚŚŝƐďĞŚŝŶĚƚŚĞƐĐĞŶĞƐ͕Ϯϰ ŚŽƵƌƐĂĚĂLJ͕ĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJŽĨƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐŽƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞ ŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐĐĂŶĞŶũŽLJŐŽŽĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͘
ŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŽŶŶĞdžƚƉĂŐĞ͘͘͘
ϭϭ
ǤǤǤ
DĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŝƐĂŶŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƉĂƌƚŽĨƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐƐĂĨĞĂŶĚƌĞůŝĂďůĞǁĂƚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƚŽŽǀĞƌϭϭϬ͕ϬϬϬŝůůŝŶŐƐ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ͘ŝůůŝŶŐƐŚĂƐďŝůůŝŽŶƐŽĨĚŽůůĂƌƐŝŶǀĞƐƚĞĚŝŶĂƐƐĞƚƐƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞǁĂƚĞƌ͕ƐŽƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨŽƵƌǁĂƚĞƌ ƉůĂŶƚĂŶĚƉƵŵƉŝŶŐƐƚĂƟŽŶƐŝƐƚŽƉƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŝƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚďLJĂƐŵĂůůŚĂŶĚĨƵů ŽĨƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƐǁŚŽĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚĂŝůLJƚŽƚŚĞŽŶĞŐŽĂůǁĞŚĂǀĞĂƚƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌWůĂŶƚ͕ƚŽƉƌŽĚƵĐĞƐĂĨĞĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ ĨŽƌĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϭϭϬ͕ϬϬϬƉĞŽƉůĞ͘WƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞƉƌŝŽƌƚŽĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĨĂŝůƵƌĞ͕ĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŝƐƚŚĞŬĞLJƚŽĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝŶŐĂŶƵŶŝŶƚĞƌƌƵƉƚĞĚƐƵƉƉůLJŽĨƐĂĨĞǁĂƚĞƌĨŽƌŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůƐ͕ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͕ ĂŶĚŚŽŵĞƐĨŽƌĚŽŵĞƐƟĐƵƐĞĂƐǁĞůůĂƐĨŽƌƉƵďůŝĐƐĂĨĞƚLJ͘WƌĞǀĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŝƐĂůƐŽƚŚĞŬĞLJƚŽŵĂdžŝŵŝnjŝŶŐ ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨŽƵƌĂƐƐĞƚƐƚŽƐĂǀĞŽƵƌĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐŵŽŶĞLJďLJƉƌŽůŽŶŐŝŶŐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
dŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞƐƚĂīƌĞĐŽŐŶŝnjĞƐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƉƌĞǀĞŶƚĂƟǀĞŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞƚŽďŽƚŚƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚ ĐŽƐƚ͘dŚƌŽƵŐŚŽŶŐŽŝŶŐƚƌĂŝŶŝŶŐĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶƚĞĐŚŶŝƋƵĞĂŶĚĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚŝůůŝŶŐƐĐĂŶƌĞƐƚĂƐƐƵƌĞĚƚŚĞŵĞŶ ĂŶĚǁŽŵĞŶŽĨƚŚĞŝůůŝŶŐƐWƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJŝǀŝƐŝŽŶǁŝůůŵĂdžŝŵŝnjĞƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨĞǀĞƌLJĚŽůůĂƌƐƉĞŶƚ͘
dŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐĂůƐŽŚĞĂǀŝůLJ ƌĞůŝĂŶƚŽŶƚŚĞĞdžƉĞƌƟƐĞŽĨ ƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂůĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ ƐƚĂīǁŚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞƚŚĞƐĞ ĐƌŝƟĐĂůĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨďŽƚŚƚŚĞ tĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌZĞĐůĂŵĂƟŽŶ &ĂĐŝůŝƚLJĂŶĚƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌ dƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚ͘
dŚĞĂƌĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĚŝŐŝƚĂů ƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌŬĞĞƉŝŶŐĂůů ĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐĂŶĚĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŝnjĞĚ ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐŽŶůŝŶĞ͘
ůůŽĨƚŚĞtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJ dĞĂŵǁŽƌŬƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌƚŽ ĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞ ĂůǁĂLJƐ͚ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂƐƵƐƵĂů͛ ĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘
ϭϮ
dŚĞtĂƚĞƌdƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚWůĂŶƚ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ
dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐtĂƚĞƌYƵĂůŝƚLJŝǀŝƐŝŽŶŚĂƐĂŶ
dŚĞtĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌZĞĐůĂŵĂƟŽŶ&ĂĐŝůŝƚLJ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ
dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐtĂƚĞƌZĞĐůĂŵĂƟŽŶ&ĂĐŝůŝƚLJ >ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĂ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJdĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶ͕Ă ŚĞŵŝƐƚ͕ĂŶĚĂ>ĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ^ƵƉĞƌǀŝƐŽƌ͘
dŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJĨƵůĮůůƐƚǁŽŵĂŝŶƌŽůĞƐ͘dŚĞĮƌƐƚŝƐ ĐŽůůĞĐƟŶŐĂŶĚƚĞƐƟŶŐƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨŽƌŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĐŽŵƉůŝĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJ͛ƐĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞƉĞƌŵŝƚ͘dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚƌŽůĞŝƐĂƐƐŝƐƟŶŐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƚĞƐƟŶŐƚŽ ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŽƉƟŵŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJ͘
/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƐƚĞƐƟŶŐĨŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĂů ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĨŽƌƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐͬ ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŶĚƚĞƐƟŶŐŽĨƐĂŵƉůĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌ ĂŶĚƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚŚĞŝƚLJ͘
ϭϯ
WŝĐƚƵƌĞĚƚŽƉĂŶĚůĞŌ͕ƚŚĞŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶΘ
ŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŝǀŝƐŝŽŶ͛ƐƌĂŌŝŶŐƐƚĂīĂƌĞƐŚŽǁŶ ŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐĮƌĞŇŽǁĚĂƚĂŽŶƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘ĂƚĂŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐĞƚĞƐƚƐŝƐ ƐƵďŵŝƩĞĚƚŽƚŚĞ&ŝƌĞĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝƐ ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĂǁĂƚĞƌŵŽĚĞůŽĨƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨ ŝůůŝŶŐƐ;KͿǁĂƚĞƌĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘dŚĞ ŵŽĚĞůŝƐĐĂůŝďƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚŽŚĞůƉ ƵƐƉƌĞĚŝĐƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐǁŚŝĐŚŚĞůƉ ƵƐĞŶƐƵƌĞƉƌŽƉĞƌĮƌĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶƚŽĂůůƚŚĞƵƐĞƌƐ ŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ǀĞƌLJLJĞĂƌ͕ƚŚĞWƵďůŝĐ tŽƌŬƐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚ;WtͿ ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵƐĚĂŝůLJŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ ĂƐǁĞůů ĂƐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƌĞƉĂŝƌƐŽŶĮƌĞ ŚLJĚƌĂŶƚƐ͕ǁĂƚĞƌǀĂůǀĞƐ͕ ǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƐĂŶŝƚĂƌLJƐĞǁĞƌ ŵĂŝŶƐ͘ĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞƐĞ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶƚƌĞƉĂŝƌŶĞĞĚƐ͕ƚŚĞWtƉƵƌƐƵĞƐ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůǀĂůƵĞƚŽƚŚĞ ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘dŚŝƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŝŶ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĂƚůĞĂƐƚϯ͕ϬϬϬĨĞĞƚŽĨ ĂŐŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌŵĂŝŶƐĂLJĞĂƌƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞĂŶĚƌĞůŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘
ZĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĂůƐŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ ŽĨŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞƐůŝŬĞƚŚĞ>ĞĂĚ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞZĞƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽŝĚĞŶƟĨLJĂŶĚ ƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐŽƵƚĚĂƚĞĚůĞĂĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞůŝŶĞƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚ ƚŚĞŝƚLJǁĂƚĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨ ŝůůŝŶŐƐŚĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞƐŽƵƚŚƐŝĚĞĂƌĞĂ ŽĨƚŚĞŝƚLJĂŶĚŝƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞůĞĂĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ ůŝŶĞƐĞŶƟƌĞůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ϭϰ
dŚĞƐŬŝůůĞĚƐƚĂīĂƚƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐtĂƚĞƌZĞĐůĂŵĂƟŽŶ&ĂĐŝůŝƚLJ;tZ&ͿǁŽƌŬƐŚĂƌĚĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJƚŽ ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚůLJĂŶĚĞīĞĐƟǀĞůLJŵĞĞƚƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJŶĞĞĚƐŽĨƚŚĞǁĂƚĞƌƵƐĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƚLJŽĨ ŝůůŝŶŐƐ͘
ĞƐƉŝƚĞĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚďLJǀĂƌLJŝŶŐĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞƐŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĞǁĂŐĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚǁĞĂƚŚĞƌ ĞdžƚƌĞŵĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂīĞĐƚƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƵƐĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƌĞĐůĂŵĂƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐŽĨƚŚĞtZ& ĐŽŶƟŶƵĞƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚǁĞŵĞĞƚŽƵƌŐŽĂůŽĨŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŚĞŵŝĐĂů͕ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂŶĚďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂů ŝŶƚĞŐƌŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞzĞůůŽǁƐƚŽŶĞZŝǀĞƌ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĚŽŶĞďLJƉƌŽƉĞƌŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨĂůĂƌŐĞ͕ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJ͘
dŚĞtZ&ŚĂƐƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJƵŶĚĞƌŐŽŶĞŵĂũŽƌƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJĂŶĚ ƵƉŐƌĂĚĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞŶŝƚƌŽŐĞŶĂŶĚƉŚŽƐƉŚŽƌƵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞǁĂƚĞƌƚŽŵĞĞƚŵŽƌĞ ƐƚƌŝŶŐĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘
ĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƉůĂŶŶĞĚƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐƐƚĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚǁŝůůƌĞŵŽǀĞ&ĂƚƐ͕KŝůƐĂŶĚ 'ƌĞĂƐĞ;&K'Ϳ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂƵƐĞƐĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĐŽƐƚƐĂŶĚĐĂŶƐŚŽƌƚĞŶƚŚĞůŝĨĞŽĨƐŽŵĞ ĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘
ϭϱ
ůůĐŽůůĞĐƚĞĚƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŝƐƵŶƚƌĞĂƚĞĚ͘dŚĞƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌĚŝƐĐŚĂƌŐĞƐŝŶƚŽĞŝŐŚƚƉƌŝŵĂƌLJŽƵƞĂůůƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂůůŇŽǁ
- ůŬĂůŝƌĞĞŬ
- ůƵĞƌĞĞŬ
- ĂŶLJŽŶƌĞĞŬ
- ŝƚLJͬŽƵŶƚLJƌĂŝŶ
- ŽǀĞƌĞĞŬ
- &ŝǀĞDŝůĞƌĞĞŬ
- ,ŝůůƚŽƉKƵƞĂůů
- ,ŽŐĂŶ͛Ɛ^ůŽƵŐŚ
- ,ŽůůŝŶŐƌĂŝŶ
- zĞŐĞŶƌĂŝŶ
dŚĞŝƚLJͬŽƵŶƚLJƌĂŝŶ͕,ŽŐĂŶ͛Ɛ^ůŽƵŐŚ͕ĂŶĚzĞŐĞŶƌĂŝŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚĨŽƌĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞůLJϳϬйŽĨƚŚĞƚŽƚĂů
ŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŽŶŶĞdžƚƉĂŐĞ͘͘͘
ϭϲ
ǤǤǤ
dŚĞƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚŝƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŝƚLJ͛Ɛ^ƚƌĞĞƚ ĂŶĚdƌĂĸĐŝǀŝƐŝŽŶĐƌĞǁƐ͘>ŝƐƚĞĚďĞůŽǁĂƌĞĂĨĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͖
/ŶƐƉĞĐƚ͕ĐůĞĂŶ͕ƌĞƉĂŝƌƚŚĞϳ͕ϬϬϬƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŝŶůĞƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ƌĞǁƐƚƌLJƚŽŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĞĂĐŚƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌŝŶůĞƚĂƚ ůĞĂƐƚŽŶĐĞĂLJĞĂƌ͘
/ŶƐƉĞĐƚƉŝƉĞƐĞĐƟŽŶƐƵƐŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůƌĞŵŽƚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚĐĂŵĞƌĂƚŚĂƚŚĂƐƚŚĞĂďŝůŝƚLJƚŽĞŶƚĞƌƉŝƉĞƐĞĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚ ƌĞĐŽƌĚŝŵĂŐĞƐ͘
ůĞĂŶďůŽĐŬĂŐĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĨŽƵŶĚƵƐŝŶŐĂũĞƚͬǀĂĐƵƵŵƚƌƵĐŬ͘ ZĞƉĂŝƌĂŶĚƌĞƉůĂĐĞƉŝƉĞƐĞĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞŝŶŶĞĞĚŽĨƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘
ZĞŵŽǀĞƵŶĚĞƌďƌƵƐŚĂŶĚĚĞďƌŝƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŵŝůĞƐŽĨŽƉĞŶƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌĚŝƚĐŚĞƐƚŚĂƚŚĂǀĞƚŚĞƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůƚŽďĂĐŬ- ƵƉǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJĐĂƵƐĞŇŽŽĚŝŶŐ͘
dŚŝƐŝƐĂƚĂůůůŝƐƚĨŽƌĂĚŝǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĂůƐŽƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌŬĞĞƉŝŶŐŽƵƌƐƚƌĞĞƚƐĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƟŽŶƐĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŝŶŐŝŶĂ ƐĂĨĞŵĂŶŶĞƌĨŽƌŽƵƌĐŝƟnjĞŶƐ͘
/ĨLJŽƵŚĂǀĞĂďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵŽƌLJŽƵƌůĂŶĚůŽƌĚĐĂŶƚĂŬĞƚŽŵŝŶŝŵŝnjĞƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ͘ ^ĐŚĞĚƵůĞƌĞŐƵůĂƌƉĂƌŬŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐǁĞĞƉŝŶŐƚŽƌĞŵŽǀĞƐĞĚŝŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚĞďƌŝƐƚŚĂƚĐŽůůĞĐƚƐŽǀĞƌƟŵĞĂŶĚŝŶƐƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂŶĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚƌĂƐŚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĞƌƐŽŶƚŚĞƐŝƚĞ͘
tĞĐĂŶĂůůĚŽŽƵƌƉĂƌƚƚŽŬĞĞƉŽƵƌƐƚƌĞĞƚƐĂŶĚƐŝĚĞǁĂůŬƐĐůĞĂŶĂŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJŚĞůƉƚŽŬĞĞƉƐƚŽƌŵǁĂƚĞƌƉŽůůƵƟŽŶ ŽƵƚŽĨƚŚĞzĞůůŽǁƐƚŽŶĞZŝǀĞƌ͘
ZĞŵĞŵďĞƌŝƚ͛ƐŽƵƌďĂĐŬLJĂƌĚ͊
ϭϳ
ʹͲʹͳ
dŚĞŝƚLJŽĨŝůůŝŶŐƐWƵďůŝĐtŽƌŬƐĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŝƐ ĞdžĐŝƚĞĚƚŽĞdžƉĂŶĚŽƵƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƚŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƌĞůĂƟŶŐ ƚŽǁĂƚĞƌƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂŶĚĚƌŝŶŬŝŶŐǁĂƚĞƌ͘
/ŶƉĂƌƚLJŽƵǁŝůůďĞĂďůĞƚŽůĞĂƌŶŵŽƌĞĂďŽƵƚLJŽƵƌ ǁĂƚĞƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞůŝŶĞƐ͕ŚŽǁƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞƚŚĞŵĂŶĚ ŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌďĞƐƚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͘
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ĚĚŝƚŝŽŶĂů/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚŽƵƌ ƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌƚŝƉƐĂƌĞ ĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶůŝŶĞĂƚ͗ ďŝůůŝŶŐƐŵƚƉƵďůŝĐǁŽƌŬƐ͘ŐŽǀ
ĨĂĐĞŬΛďŝůůŝŶŐƐŵƚƉƵďůŝĐǁŽƌŬƐ
ŝŶƐƚĂŐƌĂŵΛďŝůůŝŶŐƐŵƚƉƵďůŝĐǁŽƌŬƐ - ĂƚĐŚƵƐŽŶƚĞůĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƌ ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĂƚ^ĐƌŝƉƉƐDĞĚŝĂĂŶĚ<dsY ŝŶŝůůŝŶŐƐ͕DŽŶƚĂŶĂ͘
ϭϵ
PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION
2224 Montana Ave
Billings, MT. 59101
-
406.657.8230
billingsmtpublicworks.gov
facebook@billingsmtpublicworks
instagram@billingsmtpublicworks
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Contaminants
City of Billings
EWG's drinking water quality report shows results of tests conducted by the water utility and provided to the Environmental Working Group by the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, as well as information from the U.S. EPA Enforcement and Compliance History database (ECHO). For the latest quarter assessed by the U.S. EPA (January 2019 - March 2019), tap water provided by this water utility was in compliance with federal health-based drinking water standards.
Utility details
- Serves: 114000
- Data available: 2012-2017
- Data Source: Surface water
- Total: 19
Contaminants That Exceed Guidelines
- Arsenic
- Bromodichloromethane
- Chloroform
- Chromium (hexavalent)
- Dibromochloromethane
- Dichloroacetic acid
- Nitrate and nitrite
- Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs)
- Trichloroacetic acid
Other Detected Contaminants
- 4-Androstene-3%2C17-dione
- Bromochloroacetic acid
- Dibromoacetic acid
- Fluoride
- Haloacetic acids (HAA5)
- Molybdenum
- Monobromoacetic acid
- Monochloroacetic acid
- Strontium
- Vanadium
Reminder
Always take extra precautions, the water may be safe to drink when it leaves the sewage treatment plant but it may pick up pollutants during its way to your tap. We advise that you ask locals or hotel staff about the water quality. Also, note that different cities have different water mineral contents.
Sources and Resources
Sources Cited
Additional Resources
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has released a new study that shows the harmful impact of tap water contamination on children. According to the EPA, there are more than 20 contaminants that can be found in tap water.
In its report, the EPA states that most of the water contaminants found are from heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and prescription drugs. The problem is not only the fact that the water is full of contaminants but the fact that these contaminants are not monitored for. In this process, the public is exposed to these chemicals and other substances through drinking water. Children who suffer from these contaminated water cannot only develop health problems, but they also become vulnerable to diseases and other illnesses.
When looking into the impact of tap water on children, the study did not take into consideration the amount of money that a family has to spend on bottled water. This study only looked into the effects of chem